TG

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein homodimer produced predominantly by the thryroid gland. It acts as a substrate for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine as well as the storage of the inactive forms of thyroid hormone and iodine. Thyroglobulin is secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum to its site of iodination, and subsequent thyroxine biosynthesis, in the follicular lumen. Mutations in this gene cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis, manifested as goiter, and are associated with moderate to severe congenital hypothyroidism. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) such as Graves disease and Hashimoto thryoiditis. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

Full Name

TG Gene(Protein Coding) Thyroglobulin

Function

Acts as a substrate for the production of iodinated thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (PubMed:32025030, PubMed:17532758).
The synthesis of T3 and T4 involves iodination of selected tyrosine residues of TG/thyroglobulin followed by their oxidative coupling in the thyroid follicle lumen (PubMed:32025030).
Following TG re-internalization and lysosomal-mediated proteolysis, T3 and T4 are released from the polypeptide backbone leading to their secretion into the bloodstream (PubMed:32025030).
One dimer produces 7 thyroid hormone molecules (PubMed:32025030).

Biological Process

Biological Process hormone biosynthetic processSource:UniProtKB-KW
Biological Process iodide transportSource:Ensembl
Biological Process regulation of myelinationSource:Ensembl
Biological Process signal transductionSource:ProtInc1 Publication
Biological Process thyroid gland developmentSource:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process thyroid hormone generationSource:UniProtKB1 Publication

Cellular Location

Secreted
Secreted into the thyroid follicle lumen (PubMed:19509106).
Localizes to colloid globules, a structure formed in the thyroid follicle lumen consisting of cross-linked TG arranged in concentric layers (PubMed:8626858, PubMed:11082042).

Involvement in disease

Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3 (TDH3):
A disorder due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis, causing large goiters of elastic and soft consistency in the majority of patients. Although the degree of thyroid dysfunction varies considerably among patients with defective thyroglobulin synthesis, patients usually have a relatively high serum free triiodothyronine (T3) concentration with disproportionately low free tetraiodothyronine (T4) level. The maintenance of relatively high free T3 levels prevents profound tissue hypothyroidism except in brain and pituitary, which are dependent on T4 supply, resulting in neurologic and intellectual defects in some cases.
Autoimmune thyroid disease 3 (AITD3):
A complex autoimmune disorder comprising two related diseases affecting the thyroid: Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. In both disorders, thyroid-reactive T-cells are formed and infiltrate the thyroid gland. In Graves disease, the majority of the T-cells undergo a Th2 differentiation and activate B-cells to produce antibodies against the TSH receptor, which stimulate the thyroid and cause clinical hyperthyroidism. In contrast, Hashimoto thyroiditis is characterized by Th1 switching of the thyroid-infiltrating T-cells, which induces apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells and clinical hypothyroidism.

PTM

Iodinated on tyrosine residues by TPO (PubMed:2760035, PubMed:32025030).
There are 4 pairs of iodinated tyrosines used for coupling: acceptor Tyr-24 is coupled to donor Tyr-149 or Tyr-234, acceptor Tyr-2573 is coupled to donor Tyr-2540, acceptor Tyr-2766 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-2766 in monomer 2 and acceptor Tyr-1310 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-108 in monomer 2 (PubMed:32025030).
Sulfated tyrosines are desulfated during iodination.
Undergoes sequential proteolysis by cathepsins to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. In the thyroid follicle lumen, cross-linked TG (storage form) is solubilized by limited proteolysis mediated by cathepsins CTSB and/or CTSL. Partially cleaved TG is further processed by CTSK/cathepsin K and/or CTSL resulting in the release of T4. Following endocytosis, further processing occurs leading to the release of T3 and more T4 hormones.

Anti-TG antibodies

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Mouse Anti-TG Recombinant Antibody (CF434) (CBMAB-FT088LY)

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Target: TG

Host: Mouse

Antibody Isotype: IgG1

Specificity: Human

Clone: CF434

Application*: ELISA, IHC

TG

Anti-TG antibodies

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