TWNK

TWNK is a hexameric DNA helicase which unwinds short stretches of double-stranded DNA in the 5' to 3' direction and, along with mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein and mtDNA polymerase gamma, is thought to play a key role in mtDNA replication. The protein localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial nucleoids.

Twinkle mtDNA helicase

Isoform 1
Mitochondrial helicase involved in mtDNA replication and repair (PubMed:12975372, PubMed:15167897, PubMed:17324440, PubMed:18039713, PubMed:18971204, PubMed:25824949, PubMed:26887820, PubMed:27226550).
Might have a role in mtDNA repair (PubMed:27226550).
Has DNA strand separation activity needed to form a processive replication fork for leading strand synthesis which is catalyzed by the formation of a replisome complex with POLG and mtSDB (PubMed:12975372, PubMed:15167897, PubMed:18039713, PubMed:22383523, PubMed:26887820, PubMed:27226550).
Preferentially unwinds DNA substrates with pre-existing 5'-and 3'- single-stranded tails but is also active on a 5'- flap substrate (PubMed:12975372, PubMed:15167897, PubMed:18039713, PubMed:22383523, PubMed:26887820, PubMed:27226550).
Can dissociate the invading strand of immobile or mobile D-loop DNA structures irrespective of the single strand polarity of the third strand (PubMed:27226550).
In addition to its DNA strand separation activity, also has DNA strand annealing, DNA strand-exchange and DNA branch migration activities (PubMed:22383523, PubMed:26887820, PubMed:27226550).
Isoform 2
Lack DNA unwinding and ATP hydrolysis activities (PubMed:18039713).
Does not bind single-stranded or double-stranded DNA (PubMed:18039713).

Biological Process cellular response to glucose stimulus Source:Ensembl
Biological Process DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication Source:FlyBase1 Publication
Biological Process mitochondrial DNA replication Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process mitochondrial transcription Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process protein hexamerization Source:UniProtKB1 Publication

Mitochondrion matrix, mitochondrion nucleoid
Colocalizes with mtDNA in mitochondrial nucleoids, a nucleoproteins complex consisting of a number of copies of proteins associated with mtDNA, probably involved in mtDNA maintenance and expression.

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, autosomal dominant, 3 (PEOA3):
A disorder characterized by progressive weakness of ocular muscles and levator muscle of the upper eyelid. In a minority of cases, it is associated with skeletal myopathy, which predominantly involves axial or proximal muscles and which causes abnormal fatigability and even permanent muscle weakness. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. A large proportion of chronic ophthalmoplegias are associated with other symptoms, leading to a multisystemic pattern of this disease. Additional symptoms are variable, and may include cataracts, hearing loss, sensory axonal neuropathy, ataxia, depression, hypogonadism, and parkinsonism.
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 7 (MTDPS7):
A severe disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Some patients are affected by progressive atrophy of the cerebellum, brain stem, the spinal cord, and sensory axonal neuropathy. Clinical features include hypotonia, athetosis, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, sensorineural hearing deficit, sensory axonal neuropathy, epileptic encephalopathy and female hypogonadism. In some individuals liver dysfunction and multi-organ failure is present.
Perrault syndrome 5 (PRLTS5):
A form of Perrault syndrome, a sex-influenced disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness in both males and females, and ovarian dysgenesis in females. Affected females have primary amenorrhea, streak gonads, and infertility, whereas affected males show normal pubertal development and are fertile.