UBD

This gene encodes a protein which contains two ubiquitin-like domains and appears to have similar function to ubiquitin. Through covalent attachment, the encoded protein targets other proteins for 26S proteasome degradation. This protein has been implicated to function in many cellular processes, including caspase-dependent apoptosis, formation of aggresomes, mitotic regulation, and dendritic cell maturation. Upregulation of this gene may promote inflammation in chronic kidney disease and has been observed in many cancer types. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

Ubiquitin D

Ubiquitin-like protein modifier which can be covalently attached to target protein and subsequently leads to their degradation by the 26S proteasome, in a NUB1-dependent manner. Probably functions as a survival factor. Conjugation ability activated by UBA6. Promotes the expression of the proteasome subunit beta type-9 (PSMB9/LMP2). Regulates TNF-alpha-induced and LPS-mediated activation of the central mediator of innate immunity NF-kappa-B by promoting TNF-alpha-mediated proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated-I-kappa-B-alpha. Required for TNF-alpha-induced p65 nuclear translocation in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). May be involved in dendritic cell (DC) maturation, the process by which immature dendritic cells differentiate into fully competent antigen-presenting cells that initiate T-cell responses. Mediates mitotic non-disjunction and chromosome instability, in long-term in vitro culture and cancers, by abbreviating mitotic phase and impairing the kinetochore localization of MAD2L1 during the prometaphase stage of the cell cycle. May be involved in the formation of aggresomes when proteasome is saturated or impaired. Mediates apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, especially in renal epithelium and tubular cells during renal diseases such as polycystic kidney disease and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN).

Biological Process aggresome assembly Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process myeloid dendritic cell differentiation Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process positive regulation of apoptotic process Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process protein modification by small protein conjugation Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process protein ubiquitination Source:UniProtKB2 Publications
Biological Process proteolysis Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process response to tumor necrosis factor Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process response to type II interferon Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Source:UniProtKB1 Publication

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Accumulates in aggresomes under proteasome inhibition conditions.

Can be acetylated.