Mouse Anti-HMGB1 Recombinant Antibody (A243) (CBMAB-AP3016LY)

High Mobility Group Box 1

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the High Mobility Group-box superfamily. The encoded non-histone, nuclear DNA-binding protein regulates transcription, and is involved in organization of DNA. This protein plays a role in several cellular processes, including inflammation, cell differentiation and tumor cell migration. Multiple pseudogenes of this gene have been identified. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

High Mobility Group Box 1; High-Mobility Group (Nonhistone Chromosomal) Protein 1; Sulfoglucuronyl Carbohydrate Binding Protein; High Mobility Group Protein 1; Amphoterin; HMG-1;

MAA399Hu22

Activation of innate immune response Source: UniProtKB
Apoptotic cell clearance Source: UniProtKB
Autophagy Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Source: ARUK-UCL
Dendritic cell chemotaxis Source: UniProtKB
DNA geometric change Source: AgBase
DNA recombination Source: UniProtKB
DNA topological change Source: UniProtKB
Double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining Source: UniProtKB
Gene silencing Source: GO_Central
Inflammatory response Source: CACAO
Inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Source: UniProtKB
Innate immune response Source: UniProtKB-KW
Myeloid dendritic cell activation Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance Source: BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration Source: CACAO
Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of interferon-gamma production Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKB
Neuron projection development Source: UniProtKB
Neutrophil clearance Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of apoptotic process Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of autophagy Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration Source: BHF-UCL
Positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production Source: CACAO
Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of DNA binding Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of DNA ligation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-12 production Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 production Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-6 production Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-8 production Source: CACAO
Positive regulation of JNK cascade Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of MAPK cascade Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of mismatch repair Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Source: BHF-UCL
Regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of tolerance induction Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: GO_Central
T-helper 1 cell activation Source: UniProtKB
T-helper 1 cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
V(D)J recombination Source: UniProtKB

Secreted; Nucleus; Cell membrane; Endosome; Cytoplasm; Chromosome; Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:17114460). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation (PubMed:20819940). Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized (PubMed:19811284). Also released from apoptotic cells (PubMed:16855214, PubMed:18631454). Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:14532127, PubMed:15944249). Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity). Found on the surface of activated platelets (PubMed:11154118). An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII (PubMed:27362237).

Phosphorylated at serine residues. Phosphorylation in both NLS regions is required for cytoplasmic translocation followed by secretion (PubMed:17114460).
Acetylated on multiple sites upon stimulation with LPS (PubMed:22801494). Acetylation on lysine residues in the nuclear localization signals (NLS 1 and NLS 2) leads to cytoplasmic localization and subsequent secretion (By similarity). Acetylation on Lys-3 results in preferential binding to DNA ends and impairs DNA bending activity (By similarity).
Reduction/oxidation of cysteine residues Cys-23, Cys-45 and Cys-106 and a possible intramolecular disulfide bond involving Cys-23 and Cys-45 give rise to different redox forms with specific functional activities in various cellular compartments: 1- fully reduced HMGB1 (HMGB1C23hC45hC106h), 2- disulfide HMGB1 (HMGB1C23-C45C106h) and 3- sulfonyl HMGB1 (HMGB1C23soC45soC106so).
Poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP1 when secreted following stimulation with LPS (By similarity).
In vitro cleavage by CASP1 is liberating a HMG box 1-containing peptide which may mediate immunogenic activity; the peptide antagonizes apoptosis-induced immune tolerance (PubMed:24474694). Can be proteolytically cleaved by a thrombin:thrombomodulin complex; reduces binding to heparin and proinflammatory activities (By similarity).
Forms covalent cross-links mediated by transglutaminase TGM2, between a glutamine and the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue, forming homopolymers and heteropolymers.