LGALS9

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The protein encoded by this gene is an S-type lectin. It is overexpressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue and might participate in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells and might thus play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease and/or its associated immunodeficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.

lectin, galactose binding, soluble 9

Binds galactosides (PubMed:18005988).
Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide (PubMed:18005988).
Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 (PubMed:16286920).
Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death (PubMed:16286920).
Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth (By similarity).
Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration (PubMed:21670307).
Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function (By similarity).
Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation (PubMed:23817958).
Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection (PubMed:20209097).
Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells (PubMed:24465902, PubMed:16116184).
Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells (PubMed:24465902).
Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells (PubMed:25754930, PubMed:16116184).
Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function (PubMed:23408620).
Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy (PubMed:25578313).
Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production (By similarity).
May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion (By similarity).
Highly selective to the anion urate (By similarity).
Isoform 2
Acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant (PubMed:9642261).
It also inhibits angiogenesis (PubMed:24333696).
Suppresses IFNG production by natural killer cells (By similarity).

Cellular response to interferon-gammaManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Cellular response to virusManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
ChemotaxisIEA:UniProtKB-KW
ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Female pregnancyManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Inflammatory responseManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Maternal process involved in female pregnancyManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Natural killer cell tolerance inductionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of activated T cell proliferationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of chemokine productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of gene expressionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of interferon-gamma productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of mast cell degranulationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
p38MAPK cascadeManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell deathManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune responseManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathwayManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxisManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiationManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of gene expressionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signalingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentHMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interferon-gamma productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-10 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-12 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-13 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-4 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signalingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cellManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of viral entry into host cellManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Response to interleukin-1Manual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Response to lipopolysaccharideManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIMP:UniProtKB

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Secreted
May also be secreted by a non-classical secretory pathway (By similarity).
Secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells upon IFNG stimulation (PubMed:23817958).
Isoform 2&3:
Secreted