PLA2G5

PLA2G5 is a member of the secretory phospholipase A2 family. It is located in a tightly-linked cluster of secretory phospholipase A2 genes on chromosome 1. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to generate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids including arachidonic acid. It preferentially hydrolyzes linoleoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine substrates.

Phospholipase A2 group V

Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids (PubMed:8300559).
Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity), preferentially releasing fatty acyl groups with a low degree of unsaturation such as oleoyl (C18:1) and linoleoyl (C18:2) groups (PubMed:8300559, PubMed:14998370, PubMed:23533611).
Hydrolyzes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that drive macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype (By similarity).
May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes at different subcellular locations and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of cardiolipin, a major component of the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial membranes (PubMed:23533611).
Promotes phagocytosis of bacteria in macrophages through production of lysophosphatidylethanolamines (PubMed:25725101).
Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane (PubMed:11694541).
Promotes phagocytosis and killing of ingested fungi likely through controlling phagosome-lysosome fusion and phagosome maturation (By similarity).
Plays a role in biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in myeloid cells (PubMed:12124392, PubMed:12796497).
In eosinophils, triggers perinuclear arachidonate release and LTC4 synthesis in a PLA2G4A-independent way (PubMed:12796497).
In neutrophils, amplifies CysLTs biosynthesis initiated by PLA2G4A (PubMed:12124392).
Promotes immune complex clearance in macrophages via stimulating synthesis of CysLTs, which act through CYSLTR1 to trigger phagocytosis (By similarity).
May regulate antigen processing in antigen-presenting cells (By similarity).
In pulmonary macrophages regulates IL33 production required for activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (By similarity).
May play a role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl ethanolamines that regulate energy metabolism. Hydrolyzes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines to N-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamines, which are further cleaved by a lysophospholipase D to release N-acyl ethanolamines (PubMed:14998370).

Arachidonic acid secretionManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIBA:GO_Central
Cardiolipin acyl-chain remodelingManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Fatty acid metabolic processIEA:UniProtKB-KW
Leukotriene biosynthetic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Low-density lipoprotein particle remodelingISS:UniProtKB
Phagosome-lysosome fusionISS:UniProtKB
Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Phospholipid metabolic processManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIBA:GO_Central
Positive regulation of antifungal innate immune responseISS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:CACAO
Positive regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophagesManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiationISS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of opsonizationISS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of phagocytosisISS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of phagosome maturationISS:UniProtKB
Positive regulation of phospholipase activityManual Assertion Based On ExperimentIDA:CACAO

Secreted
Cell membrane
Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome
Recycling endosome
Golgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network
Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network

Fleck retina, familial benign (FRFB):
An autosomal recessive condition associated with a distinctive retinal appearance and no apparent visual or electrophysiologic deficits. Affected individuals are asymptomatic, but fundus examination reveals a striking pattern of diffuse, yellow-white, fleck-like lesions extending to the far periphery of the retina but sparing the foveal region.

This enzyme lacks one of the seven disulfide bonds found in similar PLA2 proteins.