TXNRD1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes an ubiquitously expressed, cytosolic form of TrxR, which functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing, primarily at the 5' end, results in transcript variants encoding same or different isoforms, including a glutaredoxin-containing isoform that is predominantly expressed in testis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

TXNRD1 Gene(Protein Coding) Thioredoxin Reductase 1

Reduces disulfideprotein thioredoxin (Trx) to its dithiol-containing form (PubMed:8577704).
Homodimeric flavoprotein involved in the regulation of cellular redox reactions, growth and differentiation. Contains a selenocysteine residue at the C-terminal active site that is essential for catalysis (Probable). Also has reductase activity on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (PubMed:10849437).
Isoform 1
Induces actin and tubulin polymerization, leading to formation of cell membrane protrusions.
Isoform 4
Enhances the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2.
Isoform 5
Enhances the transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor ESR2 only (PubMed:15199063).
Mediates cell death induced by a combination of interferon-beta and retinoic acid (PubMed:9774665).

Biological Process cell population proliferation Source:Ensembl
Biological Process cell redox homeostasis Source:GO_Central1 Publication
Biological Process mesoderm formation Source:Ensembl
Biological Process signal transduction Source:ProtInc1 Publication

Isoform 1
Cytoplasm
Isoform 4
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Isoform 5
Cytoplasm

Isoform 5
The N-terminus is blocked.
ISGylated.