RAI2 Antibodies

Structure of RAI2

RAI2 is a nuclear protein with a molecular weight of approximately 45 kDa. Its sequence and structure vary among different species. This protein contains multiple functional domains and mainly interacts with the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP through its C-terminal region.

The RAI2 protein contains approximately 420 amino acids. Its secondary structure is mainly composed of α-helices and random coils, enabling it to mediate multivalent interactions with CtBP through repetitive SLiM motifs. This binding can induce the aggregation of CtBP to form intranuclear filaments, thereby relieving its transcriptional repression of downstream target genes. The nuclear localization signal of RAI2 enables it to be mainly located in the cell nucleus. By regulating the expression of Wnt signaling pathway and cell cycle-related genes, it plays a role in inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells.

Fig. 1 Mechanisms model for the regulation of RAI2 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling.¹

The core structural features of RAI2:

• Contains repetitive SLiM motifs, mediating multivalent binding with CtBP
• C-terminal CtBP binding domain, regulating transcriptional repression function
• Nuclear localization signal, ensuring its localization in the cell nucleus
• Predominantly unstructured coiled-coil secondary structure, providing conformational flexibility
• Forms intranuclear long filaments by inducing CtBP aggregation, relieving the inhibition of target genes

Functions of RAI2

The main function of RAI2 is to exert tumor suppression in various solid tumors. However, it is also involved in regulating various biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune infiltration, and chemotherapy sensitivity.

The tumor suppressive function of RAI2 is mainly achieved through its interaction with CtBP: when RAI2 is highly expressed, it induces the aggregation of CtBP to form nuclear filaments, relieving the transcriptional inhibition of target genes by CtBP, thereby exerting the role of inhibiting tumor progression. In colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and gastric cancer, RAI2 is often silenced due to high methylation of the promoter region, and its low expression is significantly associated with poor patient prognosis.

Applications of RAI2 and RAI2 Antibody in Literature

1. Zhang, Weitao, et al. "Retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) is a novel antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and potential biomarker of chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer." Frontiers in Oncology 12 (2022): 805290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.805290

The article indicates that low expression of RAI2 is an independent poor prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. RAI2 inhibits the Wnt signal by binding to CtBP2, reduces the nuclear entry of β-catenin, thereby suppressing stem cell characteristics and increasing chemotherapy sensitivity.

2. Lou, Xiaoli, et al. "RAI2 acts as a tumor suppressor with functional significance in gastric cancer." Aging (Albany NY) 15.21 (2023): 11831. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205135

The article indicates that RAI2 is expressed at a low level in gastric cancer, and is associated with high immune infiltration and PD-L1. It inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells by regulating multiple pathways, and is a potential tumor suppressor target.

3. Goradia, Nishit, et al. "Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2." Nature Communications 15.1 (2024): 5241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3

The article indicates that RAI2 induces the aggregation of transcriptional repressor factor CtBP by repeating the SLiM motif, forming long intranuclear filaments and thereby inhibiting their function. The expression of RAI2 is significantly reduced in the treatment of resistant prostate cancer, revealing a new mechanism by which its inactivation drives disease progression.

4. Jiao, Ying, et al. "Comprehensive analysis of the expression and prognosis for RAI2: A promising biomarker in breast cancer." Frontiers in Oncology 13 (2023): 1134149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1134149

The article indicates that RAI2 is expressed at a low level in breast cancer. Patients with high expression have a better prognosis and more immune infiltration. It exerts its tumor-suppressing effect by regulating pathways such as the cell cycle, and genes related to the cell cycle such as CCNA2 are the key downstream targets.

5. Yan, Wenji, et al. "Retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) is a novel tumor suppressor, and promoter region methylation of RAI2 is a poor prognostic marker in colorectal cancer." Clinical epigenetics 10.1 (2018): 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-018-0501-4

The article indicates that RAI2 is inactivated in colorectal cancer due to high promoter methylation, and methylation is an independent adverse prognostic marker. RAI2 exerts a tumor-suppressive effect by inhibiting the AKT pathway, including inhibiting proliferation, migration, invasion and promoting apoptosis.

Creative Biolabs: RAI2 Antibodies for Research

Creative Biolabs specializes in the production of high-quality RAI2 antibodies for research and industrial applications. Our portfolio includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies tailored for ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic methodologies.

• Custom RAI2 Antibody Development: Tailor-made solutions to meet specific research requirements.
• Bulk Production: Large-scale antibody manufacturing for industry partners.
• Technical Support: Expert consultation for protocol optimization and troubleshooting.
• Aliquoting Services: Conveniently sized aliquots for long-term storage and consistent experimental outcomes.

For more details on our RAI2 antibodies, custom preparations, or technical support, contact us at email.