ACPP Antibodies

Structure of ACPP

The prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) encoded by the ACPP gene has a relative molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa and is composed of two subunits. PAP from different species varies in molecular structure and enzymatic properties, mainly manifested as subtle changes in glycosylation degree and amino acid sequence.

The PAP protein contains approximately 800 amino acid residues (about 400 for each subunit), presenting a typical spherical glycoprotein structure. Its active center is located at the interface of the two subunits, containing highly conserved acidic amino acid residues that are responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphate ester bonds. The three-dimensional structure of this enzyme molecule is composed of alternating α-helices and β-sheets, forming a stable hydrophobic core and maintaining conformational stability through disulfide bonds. The histidine residues in the active site directly participate in the transfer of phosphate groups, while the aspartic acid residues are responsible for maintaining the catalytic efficiency in an acidic pH environment. The glycosylation modification of this enzyme not only affects its secretion efficiency but also regulates its binding specificity with substrate molecules.

Fig. 1 The schematic representation of the PAcP gene promoter.¹

The key structural characteristics of the protein encoded by the ACPP gene:

• Homologous dimeric glycoprotein: Two approximately 50 kDa subunits are non-covalently bound
• Acidic active center: Contains conserved histidine and aspartic acid, with the optimal pH range of 4-6
• Disulfide bond stabilizes structure: Maintains the enzyme conformation and activity
• Sulfation modification: Affects protein folding and substrate recognition
• Substrate binding pocket: Selectively recognizes phosphate compounds

Functions of ACPP

The main function of the protein encoded by the ACPP gene:

This enzyme exhibits the highest activity under acidic conditions (pH 4-6), has strong substrate specificity, and mainly hydrolyzes small molecular phosphate compounds rather than large molecular phosphate proteins. Its bimolecular structure and glycosylation modification contribute to its high stability in body fluids. The serum PAP level has been used as a clinical marker for prostate cancer metastasis.

Applications of ACPP and ACPP Antibody in Literature

1. Hanley, Peter J. "Elusive physiological role of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP): generation of choline for sperm motility via auto-and paracrine cholinergic signaling." Frontiers in Physiology 14 (2023): 1327769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1327769

Proposed prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP gene encoding) by new functions: the phosphoric acid hydrolysis after ejaculation sperm choline generated choline, and then into the acetylcholine, through cholinergic signal to enhance the vitality of the sperm and may promote the female genital tract contraction.

2. Muniyan, Sakthivel, et al. "Human prostatic acid phosphatase: structure, function and regulation." International journal of molecular sciences 14.5 (2013): 10438-10464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510438

The article indicates that prostate acid phosphatase (encoded by the ACPP gene) inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by dephosphorylating ErbB-2 and maintaining their sensitivity to androgens. The expression of this enzyme is regulated by NF-κB, and its loss of function is associated with the occurrence of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

3. Alpert, Evgenia, et al. "Multifunctionality of prostatic acid phosphatase in prostate cancer pathogenesis." Bioscience reports 41.10 (2021): BSR20211646. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20211646

By using the signal sequence substitution technique, it was discovered that prostate acid phosphatase (encoded by the ACPP gene) has three distinct functional subtypes. Among them, the PLPAcP subtype shows a specific increase in early prostate cancer tissues and may become a new therapeutic target.

4. Xu, Huan, et al. "Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) predicts prostate cancer progress in a population‐based study: the renewal of PAP?." Disease markers 2019.1 (2019): 7090545. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7090545

Based on the analysis of data from 5184 patients with positive prostate acid phosphatase (encoded by the ACPP gene) in the SEER database, it was found that these patients had a higher rate of tumor invasion and metastasis, worse pathological grading, and shorter survival periods. PAP can be used as an effective indicator for evaluating the prognosis of prostate cancer.

5. Muniyan, Sakthivel, et al. "Human prostatic acid phosphatase: structure, function and regulation." International journal of molecular sciences 14.5 (2013): 10438-10464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510438

The article indicates that prostate acid phosphatase (encoded by the ACPP gene) inhibits tumor growth by dephosphorylating ErbB-2 and maintains the sensitivity of cancer cells to androgens. Its expression is regulated by NF-κB, and loss of function can lead to castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Creative Biolabs: ACPP Antibodies for Research

Creative Biolabs specializes in the production of high-quality ACPP antibodies for research and industrial applications. Our portfolio includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies tailored for ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic methodologies.

• Custom ACPP Antibody Development: Tailor-made solutions to meet specific research requirements.
• Bulk Production: Large-scale antibody manufacturing for industry partners.
• Technical Support: Expert consultation for protocol optimization and troubleshooting.
• Aliquoting Services: Conveniently sized aliquots for long-term storage and consistent experimental outcomes.

For more details on our ACPP antibodies, custom preparations, or technical support, contact us at email.