TLR4 Antibodies

Structure of TLR4

TLR4 is a transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 95-100 kDa. Its precise molecular weight varies slightly among different species, mainly due to glycosylation modifications and interspecific variations in amino acid sequences.

TLR4 is composed of approximately 839 amino acids, and its structure consists of three key parts: the leucine-rich repeat sequence (LRR) in the extracellular region is responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the transmembrane region is anchored to the cell membrane, and the TIR domain (Toll/IL-1 receptor homologous region) in the intracellular segment mediates downstream signal transduction. Its function depends on the synergistic effect with the helper proteins MD-2 and CD14 to form the LPS receptor complex. The activation of TLR4 triggers MyD88-dependent or non-dependent signaling pathways, ultimately activating NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor (IRF), and inducing the release of inflammatory factors. The study of the structure-function relationship of this receptor provides an important target for the development of immunomodulatory drugs.

Fig. 1 Activation of TLR4 by LPS.¹

Key structural properties of TLR4:

• Extracellular domains rich in leucine repeat sequences (LRR)
• Transmembrane helical structure
• TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor homology) domain
• Conservative CXXC motif
• Glycosylation modification site

Functions of TLR4

The core function of the TLR4 gene is to recognize pathogen-related molecular patterns and activate innate immune responses, while also participating in multiple immune regulatory processes.

The signal activation of TLR4 shows a threshold effect - low concentrations of LPS induce protective immunity, while high concentrations lead to excessive inflammatory responses such as sepsis. Its functional diversity stems from the combined effects with different helper proteins (such as MD-2, CD14), as well as the regulation of cell type-specific downstream pathways. This receptor has become an important target for the treatment of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Applications of TLR4 and TLR4 Antibody in Literature

1. Kim, Hyo, et al. "Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): new insight immune and aging." Immunity & Ageing 20.1 (2023): 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-023-00383-3

The article indicates that TLR4, as a key receptor for innate immunity, mediates inflammatory responses through the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and participates in the occurrence and development of aging-related diseases. Its excessive activation leads to chronic inflammation, which is closely related to Alzheimer's disease, osteoarthritis and other conditions, and is a potential therapeutic target.

2. Płóciennikowska, Agnieszka, et al. "Co-operation of TLR4 and raft proteins in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling." Cellular and molecular life sciences 72.3 (2015): 557-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1762-5

The article indicates that TLR4 recognizes LPS through lipid raft microregions (such as CD14/CD36) and activates the MyD88/TRIF pathway, triggering an inflammatory response. This signal transduction relies on the coordinated regulation of membrane raft proteins (such as Lyn, Hsp70, etc.), and abnormal activation can lead to pathological processes such as sepsis.

3. Halajian, Emily A., et al. "Activation of TLR4 by viral glycoproteins: A double-edged sword?." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (2022): 1007081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007081

The article indicates that TLR4 can be activated by viral glycoproteins such as the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, triggering excessive inflammatory responses and cytokine storms. This mechanism is similar to bacterial LPS and plays a key pathogenic role in viral infections such as COVID-19 and dengue fever.

4. Gabr, Mai Mahmoud, et al. "Interaction of opioids with TLR4—mechanisms and ramifications." Cancers 13.21 (2021): 5274. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13215274

The article indicates that TLR4 is not only a potential target for opioid drugs but can also be non-stereoselectively regulated by them - it can weakly activate and inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses. This discovery provides a new perspective for studying the role of opioid drugs in cancer.

5. Heine, Holger, and Alla Zamyatina. "Therapeutic targeting of TLR4 for inflammation, infection, and cancer: a perspective for disaccharide lipid A mimetics." Pharmaceuticals 16.1 (2022): 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010023

The article indicates that TLR4 is a key receptor for innate immunity, which can not only recognize LPS to trigger inflammatory defense but also may cause overreactions such as sepsis. Its dual effects make it a target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and vaccine adjuvants. Currently, there are studies on highly efficient carbohydrate-based agonists/antagonists.

Creative Biolabs: TLR4 Antibodies for Research

Creative Biolabs specializes in the production of high-quality TLR4 antibodies for research and industrial applications. Our portfolio includes monoclonal antibodies tailored for ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic methodologies.

• Custom TLR4 Antibody Development: Tailor-made solutions to meet specific research requirements.
• Bulk Production: Large-scale antibody manufacturing for industry partners.
• Technical Support: Expert consultation for protocol optimization and troubleshooting.
• Aliquoting Services: Conveniently sized aliquots for long-term storage and consistent experimental outcomes.

For more details on our TLR4 antibodies, custom preparations, or technical support, contact us at email.