TUBB

This gene encodes a beta tubulin protein. This protein forms a dimer with alpha tubulin and acts as a structural component of microtubules. Mutations in this gene cause cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 6. Alternative splicing results in multiple splice variants. There are multiple pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]

TUBB Gene(Protein Coding) Tubulin Beta Class I

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.

Biological Process cell division Source:BHF-UCL1 Publication
Biological Process cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport Source:BHF-UCL1 Publication
Biological Process microtubule cytoskeleton organization Source:GO_Central1 Publication
Biological Process microtubule-based process Source:BHF-UCL1 Publication
Biological Process mitotic cell cycle Source:GO_Central1 Publication
Biological Process natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity Source:UniProtKB1 Publication
Biological Process odontoblast differentiation Source:GO_Central1 Publication
Biological Process regulation of synapse organization Source:Ensembl
Biological Process spindle assembly Source:Ensembl

Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton

Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 6 (CDCBM6):
A disorder of aberrant neuronal migration and disturbed axonal guidance. Affected individuals have microcephaly, ataxia, and severe delayed psychomotor development. Brain imaging shows variable malformations of cortical development, including white matter streaks, dysmorphic basal ganglia, corpus callosum abnormalities, brainstem and cerebellar hypoplasia, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria.
Skin creases, congenital symmetric circumferential, 1 (CSCSC1):
An autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiple, symmetric, circumferential rings of folded skin, affecting primarily the limbs. Affected individuals also exhibit intellectual disability, cleft palate, and dysmorphic features.

Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group (PubMed:26875866, PubMed:28576883).
Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold (PubMed:26875866).
Glutamylation is also involved in cilia motility (By similarity).
Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into cilia and flagella axonemes, which is required for their stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility (Probable) (PubMed:28576883).
Both polyglutamylation and monoglycylation can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally (Probable) (PubMed:28576883).
Phosphorylated on Ser-172 by CDK1 during the cell cycle, from metaphase to telophase, but not in interphase. This phosphorylation inhibits tubulin incorporation into microtubules.