ENDOG

The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear encoded endonuclease that is localized in the mitochondrion. The encoded protein is widely distributed among animals and cleaves DNA at GC tracts. This protein is capable of generating the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase gamma to initiate replication of mitochondrial DNA. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Full Name

Endonuclease G

Research Area

Endonuclease that preferentially catalyzes the cleavage of double-stranded 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)-modified DNA (PubMed:25355512).

The 5hmC-modified nucleotide does not increase the binding affinity, but instead increases the efficiency of cutting and specifies the site of cleavage for the modified DNAs (By similarity).

Shows significantly higher affinity for four-stranded Holliday junction over duplex and single-stranded DNAs (By similarity).

Promotes conservative recombination when the DNA is 5hmC-modified (PubMed:25355512).

Promotes autophagy through the suppression of mTOR by its phosphorylation-mediated interaction with YWHAG and its endonuclease activity-mediated DNA damage response (PubMed:33473107).

GSK3-beta mediated phosphorylation of ENDOG enhances its interaction with YWHAG, leading to the release of TSC2 and PIK3C3 from YWHAG resulting in mTOR pathway suppression and autophagy initiation (PubMed:33473107).

Promotes cleavage of mtDNA in response to oxidative and nitrosative stress, in turn inducing compensatory mtDNA replication (PubMed:29719607).

Biological Process

Aging Source: Ensembl
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation Source: GO_Central
Cellular response to calcium ion Source: Ensembl
Cellular response to glucose stimulus Source: Ensembl
Cellular response to hypoxia Source: Ensembl
DNA recombination Source: UniProtKB
In utero embryonic development Source: Ensembl
Neuron death in response to oxidative stress Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of apoptotic process Source: Ensembl
Positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death Source: Ensembl
Response to antibiotic Source: Ensembl
Response to estradiol Source: Ensembl
Response to mechanical stimulus Source: Ensembl
Response to tumor necrosis factor Source: Ensembl

Cellular Location

Mitochondrion

PTM

GSK3-beta-mediated dual phosphorylations at Thr-128 and Ser-288 is necessary for its interaction with YWHAG and the induction of autophagy.