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GSDMD

Gasdermin D is a member of the gasdermin family. Members of this family appear to play a role in regulation of epithelial proliferation. Gasdermin D has been suggested to act as a tumor suppressor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]
Full Name
Gasdermin D
Function
Gasdermin-D:
Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:26375259, PubMed:27281216).

This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:26375259, PubMed:27281216).

Gasdermin-D, N-terminal:
Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:26375259, PubMed:27418190, PubMed:28392147, PubMed:32820063).

Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1, CASP4 or CASP5 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:26375259, PubMed:27418190).

After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine (PubMed:27281216, PubMed:29898893).

Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature IL1B and triggering pyroptosis (PubMed:27418190, PubMed:27281216, PubMed:29898893).

Exhibits bactericidal activity (PubMed:27281216).

Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity (PubMed:27281216).

Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes (By similarity).

Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation (By similarity).

Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin (PubMed:27281216).

Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine (PubMed:27281216).
Biological Process
Defense response to bacterium Source: GO_Central
Defense response to Gram-negative bacterium Source: UniProtKB
Defense response to Gram-positive bacterium Source: UniProtKB
Inflammatory response Source: UniProtKB-KW
Innate immune response Source: UniProtKB-KW
Neutrophil degranulation Source: Reactome
Pore complex assembly Source: UniProtKB
Pore formation in membrane of other organism Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production Source: UniProtKB
Protein homooligomerization Source: UniProtKB
Pyroptosis Source: UniProtKB
Cellular Location
Gasdermin-D: Cytosol; Inflammasome. In response to a canonical inflammasome stimulus, such as nigericin, recruited to NLRP3 inflammasone with similar kinetics to that of uncleaved CASP1 precursor.
Gasdermin-D, N-terminal: Secreted; Cell membrane. Released in the extracellular milieu following pyroptosis.
Gasdermin-D, C-terminal: Cytosol
PTM
Cleavage at Asp-275 by CASP1 (mature and uncleaved precursor forms), CASP4, CASP5 or CASP8 relieves autoinhibition and is sufficient to initiate pyroptosis (PubMed:26375003, PubMed:29898893, PubMed:32109412). Cleavage by CASP1 and CASP4 is not strictly dependent on the consensus cleavage site on GSDMD but depends on an exosite interface on CASP1 that recognizes and binds the Gasdermin-D, C-terminal (GSDMD-CT) part (PubMed:32109412). Cleavage by CASP8 takes place following inactivation of MAP3K7/TAK1 by Yersinia toxin YopJ (By similarity). Cleavage at Asp-87 by CASP3 or CAPS7 inactivates the ability to mediate pyroptosis (PubMed:28392147, PubMed:28045099).
Gasdermin-D:
Succination of Cys-191 by the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate, which leads to S-(2-succinyl)cysteine residues, inhibits processing by caspases, and ability to initiate pyroptosis (PubMed:32820063). Succination modification is catalyzed by a non-enzymatic reaction caused by an accumulation of fumarate (PubMed:32820063).

Anti-GSDMD antibodies

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Target: GSDMD
Host: Mouse
Antibody Isotype: IgG2a
Specificity: Human
Clone: 2E6C7
Application*: ELISA, IF, WB
Target: GSDMD
Host: Mouse
Antibody Isotype: IgG1
Specificity: Human
Clone: 3F12-1B2
Application*: WB, E, P, IC, IF
Target: GSDMD
Host: Mouse
Antibody Isotype: IgG1
Specificity: Human
Clone: CBFYH-2985
Application*: E, IF, P, WB
Target: GSDMD
Host: Mouse
Antibody Isotype: IgG1
Specificity: Human
Clone: CBLG1-245
Application*: E, IC, IH, WB
For Research Use Only. Not For Clinical Use.
(P): Predicted
* Abbreviations
IFImmunofluorescence
IHImmunohistochemistry
IPImmunoprecipitation
WBWestern Blot
EELISA
MMicroarray
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation
FFlow Cytometry
FNFunction Assay
IDImmunodiffusion
RRadioimmunoassay
TCTissue Culture
GSGel Supershift
NNeutralization
BBlocking
AActivation
IInhibition
DDepletion
ESELISpot
DBDot Blot
MCMass Cytometry/CyTOF
CTCytotoxicity
SStimulation
AGAgonist
APApoptosis
IMImmunomicroscopy
BABioassay
CSCostimulation
EMElectron Microscopy
IEImmunoelectrophoresis
PAPeptide Array
ICImmunocytochemistry
PEPeptide ELISA
MDMeDIP
SHIn situ hybridization
IAEnzyme Immunoassay
SEsandwich ELISA
PLProximity Ligation Assay
ECELISA(Cap)
EDELISA(Det)
BIBioimaging
IOImmunoassay
LFLateral Flow Immunoassay
LALuminex Assay
CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections
PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections
ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry
MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)
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