H2AX Antibodies

Structure of H2AX

H2AX is a core histone variant with a molecular weight of approximately 15.4 kDa. Its molecular weight varies slightly among different species, mainly depending on the sequence length and modification status of the H2AX-specific C-terminal tail.

This protein is composed of approximately 142 amino acids and is assembled into a nucleosome together with other core histones through its spherical core domain. The most distinctive feature of H2AX is its unique C-terminal tail, which contains a conserved serine (Ser139 in humans). When cells encounter a double-strand break in DNA, this site is rapidly phosphorylated to form a landmark modification known as γH2AX, thereby initiating the recruitment of repair proteins and signal amplification at the damage site.

Fig. 1 Snapshots of the histone H2AX.¹

Key structural properties of H2AX:

• Conserved histone folding domains
• Unique C-terminal tail sequence (including SQEY motif)
• The phosphorylable Ser139 site

Functions of H2AX

The core function of H2AX is to serve as a molecular beacon for DNA damage responses. However, it is also involved in various cellular processes such as the maintenance of chromatin structure and the determination of cell fate.

Unlike the common histone H2A which plays a structural role in the nucleosome, H2AX, through its reversible post-translational modification characteristics, acts as a dynamic regulator in maintaining genomic stability.

Applications of H2AX and H2AX Antibody in Literature

1. Turinetto, Valentina, and Claudia Giachino. "Multiple facets of histone variant H2AX: a DNA double-strand-break marker with several biological functions." Nucleic acids research 43.5 (2015): 2489-2498. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv061

The article indicates that the histone variant H2AX and its phosphorylation (γH2AX) are not only markers of DNA double-strand breaks but also play a key role in "non-classical" functions such as stem cell development, cellular senescence, and chromosomal inactivation.

2. Prabhu, Kirti S., et al. "H2AX: A key player in DNA damage response and a promising target for cancer therapy." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 175 (2024): 116663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116663

The article indicates that H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) is a core signal of DNA damage, capable of convening repair factors and regulating cell fate (repair or apoptosis), which makes it a highly promising biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

3. Noubissi, Felicite K., et al. "Detection and quantification of γ-H2AX using a dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay." Scientific reports 11.1 (2021): 8945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88296-3

This study developed a novel method based on time-resolved fluorescence for the quantitative detection of the DNA double-strand break marker γ-H2AX. The new method features nanomolar-level ultra-high sensitivity and a convenient process, significantly outperforming traditional techniques.

4. Du, Changzheng, et al. "A PRMT5-RNF168-SMURF2 axis controls h2ax proteostasis." Cell reports 28.12 (2019): 3199-3211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.031

This study reveals that the homeostasis of H2AX protein is regulated by the PRMT5-RNF168-SMURF2 signaling axis: RNF168 plays a stabilizing role, while SMURF2 promotes its degradation. This pathway is dysregulated in MTAP-deficient glioblastoma, resulting in decreased H2AX levels and defective DNA damage responses.

5. Zhao, Baobing, et al. "H2AX deficiency is associated with erythroid dysplasia and compromised haematopoietic stem cell function." Scientific reports 6.1 (2016): 19589. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19589

Research has found that the absence of H2AX can impair the function of hematopoietic stem cells and lead to dissonation of red blood cells, which triggers pathological hematopoiesis in both animal models and human MDS patients, revealing the crucial role of H2AX in maintaining normal hematopoiesis.

Creative Biolabs: H2AX Antibodies for Research

Creative Biolabs specializes in the production of high-quality H2AX antibodies for research and industrial applications. Our portfolio includes monoclonal antibodies tailored for ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic methodologies.

• Custom H2AX Antibody Development: Tailor-made solutions to meet specific research requirements.
• Bulk Production: Large-scale antibody manufacturing for industry partners.
• Technical Support: Expert consultation for protocol optimization and troubleshooting.
• Aliquoting Services: Conveniently sized aliquots for long-term storage and consistent experimental outcomes.

For more details on our H2AX antibodies, custom preparations, or technical support, contact us at email.