HMGA2 Antibodies

Background

HMGA2 is a non-histone chromatin-binding protein that mainly exists during the embryonic development stage of mammals and in some adult tissues. This protein binds to the minor grooves of DNA through its AT-hook domain, thereby altering the chromatin conformation and regulating the transcriptional activity of various genes. It plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryonic development. Abnormal expression of this gene is closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors, and its overexpression often promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cells and accelerates tumor metastasis. Since it was systematically studied in the 1990s, HMGA2 has become a research hotspot due to its important role in developmental biology and oncology. The study of its molecular mechanism has deepened our understanding of chromatin remodeling, gene expression regulation, and epigenetic regulation in disease occurrence.

Structure Function Application Advantage Our Products

Structure of HMGA2

HMGA2 is a non-histone chromatin regulatory factor with a molecular weight of approximately 12.5 kDa. Due to the presence of multiple isoforms generated by alternative splicing, there will be some fluctuations in its molecular weight.

Species	Human	Mouse	Rat	Zebrafish	Bovine
Molecular Weight (kDa)	~12.5	~12.2	~12.3	~11.8	~12.4
Primary Structural Differences	Containing three highly conserved AT-hook domains	Highly similar to humans in terms of structure and function	Structurally highly conservative	Homologous genes exist and the structure is similar to that of mammals	Structure of domain and human are basically identical

The HMGA2 protein is composed of approximately 109 amino acids and has a relatively loose tertiary structure, lacking the typical globular folding. The core function of this protein relies on its three consecutive AT-hook domains (formed by short peptides rich in basic amino acids), which can specifically recognize and bind to the DNA grooves rich in AT base pairs. By binding to DNA, HMGA2 can alter the local spatial conformation of chromatin, thereby acting as a "transcriptional regulatory scaffold" to recruit or exclude other transcription factors and chromatin modification complexes, thereby achieving precise regulation of downstream gene expression.

Fig. 1 Schematic of the high mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) gene and protein.¹

Key structural properties of HMGA2:

Contains three consecutive AT-hook functional domains
Lacks a stable three-dimensional structure and is a naturally disordered protein.
Rich in basic amino acids (arginine, lysine)

Functions of HMGA2

The main function of the HMGA2 gene is to act as a chromatin structure regulatory factor in participating in gene transcription regulation. However, it is also widely involved in various pathological and physiological processes, especially in embryonic development and tumor formation.

Function	Description
Chromatin Remodeling	By binding to AT-rich DNA sequences through its AT-hook domain, it alters the local chromatin spatial conformation, providing a binding platform for other transcription factors.
Embryo Development Regulation	It is highly expressed in the early stage of the embryo, regulating the expression of various genes (such as IGF2, PLAG1) related to cell proliferation, differentiation and organ formation.
Cell Proliferation and Differentiation	Promote the self-renewal of stem cells and inhibit their premature differentiation, maintaining the plasticity of tissues.
Tumor Formation and Metastasis	It is abnormally highly expressed in various malignant tumors. By inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and regulating cell cycle-related genes, it promotes tumor invasion and metastasis.
Association between fat metabolism and obesity	The genetic polymorphisms are associated with individual fat content, body weight, and the risk of metabolic syndrome, and they affect the proliferation and differentiation of fat precursor cells.

The HMGA2 protein itself does not possess the classic domains for direct activation or inhibition of transcription. Instead, it indirectly and globally affects the gene expression network by altering the accessibility of chromatin. This characteristic of "architecture transcription factor" enables it to play a crucial and complex regulatory role in development and diseases.

Applications of HMGA2 and HMGA2 Antibody in Literature

1. Wang, Xin, et al. "HMGA2 facilitates colorectal cancer progression via STAT3-mediated tumor-associated macrophage recruitment." Theranostics 12.2 (2022): 963. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.65411

The article indicates that in colorectal cancer, HMGA2 binds to the STAT3 promoter to activate its transcription, promoting the secretion of CCL2, which then recruits and polarizes into M2-type macrophages, accelerating tumor progression. The HMGA2/STAT3/CCL2 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target.

2. Luo, Ziyang, et al. "HMGA2 alleviates ferroptosis by promoting GPX4 expression in pancreatic cancer cells." Cell Death & Disease 15.3 (2024): 220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-024-06592-y

The article indicates that HMGA2 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. It inhibits ferroptosis by activating the transcription of GPX4 and the mTORC1 pathway, thereby enhancing cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance, making it a potential therapeutic target.

3. Mansoori, Behzad, et al. "HMGA2 as a critical regulator in cancer development." Genes 12.2 (2021): 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020269

The article indicates that HMGA2 is a DNA-binding protein that is highly expressed during embryonic development and is limited in adulthood. It re-expresses in various malignant tumors and drives tumor occurrence and development through multiple mechanisms such as regulating the cell cycle, DNA repair, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell phenotype. It is a potential therapeutic target.

4. Hashemi, Mehrdad, et al. "HMGA2 regulation by miRNAs in cancer: affecting cancer hallmarks and therapy response." Pharmacological Research 190 (2023): 106732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106732

The article indicates that HMGA2 is a cancer-causing protein involved in chromatin structure, and it promotes the malignant progression of tumors by regulating key pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and mTOR. Non-coding RNAs (especially miRNAs) can regulate the expression of HMGA2, and targeting this axis has potential therapeutic value.

5. Ma, Qing, et al. "HMGA2 promotes cancer metastasis by regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition." Frontiers in oncology 14 (2024): 1320887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1320887

The article indicates that HMGA2 is overexpressed in various cancers. It induces EMT through the TGFβ/SMAD, MAPK and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, promoting tumor migration and invasion. Non-coding RNAs can regulate this process, providing a new strategy for targeted therapy.

Creative Biolabs: HMGA2 Antibodies for Research

Creative Biolabs specializes in the production of high-quality HMGA2 antibodies for research and industrial applications. Our portfolio includes monoclonal antibodies tailored for ELISA, Flow Cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other diagnostic methodologies.

Custom HMGA2 Antibody Development: Tailor-made solutions to meet specific research requirements.
Bulk Production: Large-scale antibody manufacturing for industry partners.
Technical Support: Expert consultation for protocol optimization and troubleshooting.
Aliquoting Services: Conveniently sized aliquots for long-term storage and consistent experimental outcomes.

For more details on our HMGA2 antibodies, custom preparations, or technical support, contact us at email.

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