Summary
Basic Information
Immunogen
Purified recombinant human hnRNP U protein fragments expressed in E.coli.
Application Notes
The COA includes recommended starting dilutions, optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
Formulations & Storage [For reference only, actual COA shall prevail!]
Buffer
Purified mouse monoclonal in buffer containing 0.1M Tris-Glycine (pH 7.4 150 mM NaCl) with 0.02% sodium azide 50% glycerol
Purity
> 95% Purity determined by SDS-PAGE.
Storage
Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid repeated freezethaw cycles.
Target
Full Name
Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U
Alternative Names
HNRPU; SAF-A; U21.1; hnRNP U
Function
DNA- and RNA-binding protein involved in several cellular processes such as nuclear chromatin organization, telomere-length regulation, transcription, mRNA alternative splicing and stability, Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing and mitotic cell progression (PubMed:10490622, PubMed:18082603, PubMed:19029303, PubMed:22325991, PubMed:25986610, PubMed:28622508).
Plays a role in the regulation of interphase large-scale gene-rich chromatin organization through chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) in a transcription-dependent manner, and thereby maintains genomic stability (PubMed:1324173, PubMed:8174554, PubMed:28622508).
Required for the localization of the long non-coding Xist RNA on the inactive chromosome X (Xi) and the subsequent initiation and maintenance of X-linked transcriptional gene silencing during X-inactivation (By similarity).
Plays a role as a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme transcription regulator (PubMed:8174554, PubMed:9353307, PubMed:10490622, PubMed:15711563, PubMed:19617346, PubMed:23811339).
Promotes transcription initiation by direct association with the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor complex for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with Pol II in a actin-dependent manner (PubMed:10490622, PubMed:15711563).
Blocks Pol II transcription elongation activity by inhibiting the C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation of Pol II and dissociates from Pol II pre-initiation complex prior to productive transcription elongation (PubMed:10490622).
Positively regulates CBX5-induced transcriptional gene silencing and retention of CBX5 in the nucleus (PubMed:19617346).
Negatively regulates glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional activation (PubMed:9353307).
Key regulator of transcription initiation and elongation in embryonic stem cells upon leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling (By similarity).
Involved in the long non-coding RNA H19-mediated Pol II transcriptional repression (PubMed:23811339).
Participates in the circadian regulation of the core clock component ARNTL/BMAL1 transcription (By similarity).
Plays a role in the regulation of telomere length (PubMed:18082603).
Plays a role as a global pre-mRNA alternative splicing modulator by regulating U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis (PubMed:22325991).
Plays a role in mRNA stability (PubMed:17174306, PubMed:17289661, PubMed:19029303).
Component of the CRD-mediated complex that promotes MYC mRNA stabilization (PubMed:19029303).
Enhances the expression of specific genes, such as tumor necrosis factor TNFA, by regulating mRNA stability, possibly through binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) (PubMed:17174306).
Plays a role in mitotic cell cycle regulation (PubMed:21242313, PubMed:25986610).
Involved in the formation of stable mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) attachment to kinetochore, spindle organization and chromosome congression (PubMed:21242313).
Phosphorylation at Ser-59 by PLK1 is required for chromosome alignement and segregation and progression through mitosis (PubMed:25986610).
Contributes also to the targeting of AURKA to mitotic spindle MTs (PubMed:21242313).
Binds to double- and single-stranded DNA and RNA, poly(A), poly(C) and poly(G) oligoribonucleotides (PubMed:1628625, PubMed:8068679, PubMed:8174554, PubMed:9204873, PubMed:9405365).
Binds to chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) (PubMed:28622508).
Associates with chromatin to scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) elements in a chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs)-dependent manner (PubMed:7509195, PubMed:1324173, PubMed:9204873, PubMed:9405365, PubMed:10671544, PubMed:11003645, PubMed:11909954, PubMed:28622508).
Binds to the Xist RNA (PubMed:26244333).
Binds the long non-coding H19 RNA (PubMed:23811339).
Binds to SMN1/2 pre-mRNAs at G/U-rich regions (PubMed:22325991).
Binds to small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) (PubMed:22325991).
Binds to the 3'-UTR of TNFA mRNA (PubMed:17174306).
Binds (via RNA-binding RGG-box region) to the long non-coding Xist RNA; this binding is direct and bridges the Xist RNA and the inactive chromosome X (Xi) (By similarity).
Also negatively regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation upon LIF signaling (By similarity).
Required for embryonic development (By similarity).
Binds to brown fat long non-coding RNA 1 (Blnc1); facilitates the recruitment of Blnc1 by ZBTB7B required to drive brown and beige fat development and thermogenesis (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Negatively regulates immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by preventing the accumulation of viral mRNA transcripts in the cytoplasm.
Biological Process
Adaptive thermogenesis Source: UniProtKB
Cardiac muscle cell development Source: Ensembl
Cell cycle Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cell division Source: UniProtKB-KW
Cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus Source: UniProtKB
Cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor Source: UniProtKB
Circadian regulation of gene expression Source: UniProtKB
CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization Source: ComplexPortal
Dendritic transport of messenger ribonucleoprotein complex Source: Ensembl
Dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome Source: UniProtKB
Maintenance of protein location in nucleus Source: UniProtKB
mRNA splicing, via spliceosome Source: UniProtKB
mRNA stabilization Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of kinase activity Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay Source: ComplexPortal
Negative regulation of stem cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase Source: BHF-UCL
Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKB
Negative regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter Source: UniProtKB
Osteoblast differentiation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation Source: ComplexPortal
Positive regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of stem cell proliferation Source: UniProtKB
Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Source: UniProtKB
Protein localization to spindle microtubule Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of chromatin organization Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of mitotic spindle assembly Source: UniProtKB
RNA localization to chromatin Source: UniProtKB
RNA processing Source: ProtInc
Cellular Location
Centrosome; Spindle; Spindle pole; Nucleus; Nucleus matrix; Nucleus speckle; Cytoplasm; Chromosome; Kinetochore; Midbody; Cell surface; Cytoplasmic granule. Localizes at inactive X chromosome (Xi) regions (PubMed:11003645, PubMed:14608463, PubMed:15563465). Localizes in the nucleus during interphase (PubMed:21242313). At metaphase, localizes with mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) (PubMed:21242313). At anaphase, localizes in the mitotic spindle midzone (PubMed:21242313). Localizes in spindle MTs proximal to spindle poles in a TPX2- and AURKA-dependent manner (PubMed:21242313). The Ser-59 phosphorylated form localizes to centrosomes during prophase and metaphase, to mitotic spindles in anaphase and to the midbody during cytokinesis (PubMed:25986610). Colocalizes with SMARCA4 in the nucleus (By similarity). Colocalizes with CBX5 in the nucleus (PubMed:19617346). Colocalizes with NR3C1 in nuclear speckles (PubMed:9353307). Localized in cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules containing untranslated mRNAs (PubMed:17289661).
Involvement in disease
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 54 (DEE54):
A form of epileptic encephalopathy, a heterogeneous group of severe early-onset epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, and poor prognosis. Development is normal prior to seizure onset, after which cognitive and motor delays become apparent.
PTM
Cleaved at Asp-100 by CASP3 during T-cell apoptosis, resulting in a loss of DNA- and chromatin-binding activities (PubMed:9405365, PubMed:10671544).
Extensively phosphorylated (PubMed:7993898). Phosphorylated on Ser-59 by PLK1 and dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in mitosis (PubMed:25986610).
Arg-739 is dimethylated, probably to asymmetric dimethylarginine (Ref. 8). Arg-733 is dimethylated, probably to asymmetric dimethylarginine (By similarity).
Citrullinated by PADI4.