DNASE1L3

This gene encodes a member of the deoxyribonuclease I family. The encoded protein hydrolyzes DNA, is not inhibited by actin, and mediates the breakdown of DNA during apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of systemic lupus erythematosus-16. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene.

Full Name

deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3

Function

Has DNA hydrolytic activity. Is capable of both single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage, producing DNA fragments with 3'-OH ends (By similarity).

Can cleave chromatin to nucleosomal units and cleaves nucleosomal and liposome-coated DNA (PubMed:9070308, PubMed:9714828, PubMed:14646506, PubMed:10807908, PubMed:27293190).

Acts in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) during apoptosis and necrosis (PubMed:23229555, PubMed:24312463).

The role in apoptosis includes myogenic and neuronal differentiation, and BCR-mediated clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells (By similarity).

Is active on chromatin in apoptotic cell-derived membrane-coated microparticles and thus suppresses anti-DNA autoimmunity (PubMed:27293190).

Together with DNASE1, plays a key role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (By similarity).

NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation (By similarity).

Degradation of intravascular NETs by DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 is required to prevent formation of clots that obstruct blood vessels and cause organ damage following inflammation (By similarity).

Biological Process

Apoptotic DNA fragmentation Source: UniProtKB
DNA catabolic process Source: GO_Central
DNA catabolic process, endonucleolytic Source: GO_Central
DNA metabolic process Source: ProtInc
Neutrophil activation involved in immune response Source: UniProtKB
Programmed cell death involved in cell development Source: GO_Central
Regulation of acute inflammatory response Source: UniProtKB
Regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity Source: UniProtKB

Cellular Location

Endoplasmic reticulum; Secreted; Nucleus. Translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus during apoptosis (PubMed:23229555). Contradictory reports exist about the subcellular localization under normal physiological conditions. Under conditions of cell death, may diffuse and/or be actively transported to the nucleus.

Involvement in disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus 16 (SLEB16):
A rare autosomal recessive form of systemic lupus erythematosus with childhood onset, characterized by high frequency of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and lupus nephritis. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

PTM

Poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP1. ADP-ribosylation negatively regulates enzymatic activity during apoptosis.